Since no information is ever given out about what ammunition these guys used for their firearms, I will describe the types of ammunition available for each type of firearm.
I still trying to find out what firearm each of these guys had for their big day out. Reports on these Mass Murders are never very specific about the make and model of weapon used.
What I have found out is listed under the four weapon type links below. I have also listed the weapons used by caliber.
Rifle
30-06 Springfield Remington model 7600 
7mm 7mm Mauser 
.303 Lee-Enfield .303 
.22LR Ruger 10/22
Arma Lite AR-7
LR (Long Rifle) is the most common .22 caliber cartridge. Designed for small game like rabbits and opossums.
.44 Remington magnum .44 magnum carbine 
Powerful pistol cartridge used in a carbine (short barrel) rifle.
6mm Remington 6mm Remington bolt action 
Excellent caliber for sniping due to its flat trajectory, which is why Charles Whitman may have chosen it for his big day out.
Assault RifleShotgun
.308 Winchester FN-FAL (SLR)
M-14
What was the standard NATO round for many years before being replaced by the smaller 5.56. The .308 (7.62x51) carries more wallop than the 5.56 due to the heavier bullet weight and larger shell case carrying more powder.
5.56 NATO (.223 mm) Arma Lite AR-15
Colt M16
IMI Galil
Kalashnikov 74
Norinco semi-auto
Ruger mini-14
Vector R4
Replaced the .308 because the smaller cartridge allowed infantry to carry more ammunition and also made for smaller, lighter weapons. Also the higher velocity gave it a flatter trajectory which improved accuracy.
9mm Parabelum Hi-Point 9mm carbine 
Popular pistol cartridge used in a carbine. I don't have any ballistic data for a 9mm cartridge fired from a rifle barrel.
7.62x39 Kalashnikov 47
SKS assault rifle
30 carbine M1 Carbine 
12 gauge Mossburg persuder
Winchester pump-action
Birdshot
Buckshot
Rifled SlugThe 12 gauge is the most popular shotgun shell in use. Other sizes range from the smallest .410 gauge (.410 inch), to the largest size of 10 gauge (.775 inch). The 12 gauge is .730 inches in diameter. Shotgun shells come in three lengths, 2¾", 3" and 3½", with the 2¾" being the standard.
The size of the shot in the shell also comes in many sizes. From the .05 inch No. 12 shot, to the .15 inch No. 2 shot. These shot sizes are used for birds and small mammals.
The larger shot can range from the .24 inch No. 4 buck to the .33 inch No. 00 buck. These sizes are for lager game, and police and military use.
The rifled slug, as it's name implies, has a single rifled slug used for large game hunting such as deer. These have a much shorter range than a rifle, so are used mainly for hunting in the bush. Saboted slugs are also available for longer range and accuracy.
Pistol
.357 magnum S&W 357 magnum revolver 
One of the most powerful pistol rounds available, and it was used by Thomas Hamilton to kill 5 year olds.
9mm Parabelum UZI carbine
Browning Hi-Power
Browning 9mm
Beretta 9mm
Luger
Intratec AB-10
Intratec DC-9
MAC-11
SIG-Sauer 9mm
Ruger P89
Glock 17
Ruger 9MMThe most widely used pistol cartridge used today.
.45 auto Colt .45 auto
45 auto
Colt 1911A1
.40 S&W Glock 22 
.380 auto AMT .380
Walther PP
.22LR Ruger .22 revolver
Ruger .22 auto pistol
H & R .22 revolver
.38 special Charter Arms .38 revolver 
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